Retinal & Macular Conditions

Disorders of the retina and macula that affect central and detailed vision, where circulation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic support are key targets.

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry AMD)

Dry AMD is the gradual breakdown of the macula — the central retina responsible for sharp detail vision — marked by drusen deposits and thinning of the retinal pigment epithelium. It causes slowly progressive loss of central vision, blurriness, and difficulty reading or recognizing faces, while peripheral vision is typically preserved.
Dry AMD treatment →
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Wet AMD)

Wet AMD occurs when abnormal new blood vessels grow beneath the retina (choroidal neovascularization) and leak fluid or blood into the macula. It causes rapid, sometimes sudden central vision loss with distortion (straight lines appearing wavy) and a central blind spot, and can lead to severe damage if untreated.
Wet AMD treatment →
Best's Disease (Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy)

Best disease is an inherited retinal disorder, usually beginning in childhood, in which a yellow 'egg-yolk'-like deposit of lipofuscin accumulates under the macula. Over time the deposit breaks down and the macula degenerates, causing gradual loss of central vision while peripheral and night vision generally remain intact.
Best's Disease treatment →
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR)

CSCR is a condition in which fluid leaks from the choroid and collects under the retina, creating a localized retinal detachment in the macula, often linked to stress and corticosteroid use. It causes blurred or dim central vision, distortion, and objects appearing smaller or farther away; it frequently resolves on its own but can recur or become chronic.
CSCR treatment →
Cystoid Macular Edema (CME)

Cystoid macular edema is the buildup of fluid in cyst-like spaces within the macula, commonly occurring after cataract surgery, with retinal vein occlusion, diabetes, or uveitis. The swelling thickens the central retina and causes blurred or wavy central vision and reduced color perception.
CME treatment →
Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)

Diabetic macular edema is swelling of the macula caused by fluid leaking from damaged retinal blood vessels in people with diabetes. It is the most common cause of vision loss in diabetic eye disease, producing blurred, distorted central vision that makes reading and detailed tasks difficult.
DME treatment →
Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the retina's small blood vessels caused by chronically high blood sugar, which leads them to leak, swell, close off, or grow abnormal new vessels. Early stages may be symptomless, but progression causes blurred vision, floaters, dark areas, and potentially severe vision loss from bleeding or retinal detachment.
Diabetic Retinopathy treatment →
Macular Dystrophy

Macular dystrophies are inherited disorders that cause progressive degeneration of the macula, the central retina that provides sharp detail vision. They typically lead to gradual loss of central vision, difficulty reading and recognizing faces, and impaired color perception, while peripheral vision is usually retained.
Macular Dystrophy treatment →
Macular Edema

Macular edema is swelling of the macula caused by fluid accumulating in the central retina, which can result from diabetes, vein occlusion, inflammation, or eye surgery. The thickened, distorted macula produces blurred or wavy central vision and faded color perception.
Macular Edema treatment →
Macular Hole

A macular hole is a small full-thickness break in the macula, most often caused by age-related shrinking and traction of the vitreous gel pulling on the central retina. It causes blurred and distorted central vision and a dark or missing spot in the center of sight, while peripheral vision remains unaffected.
Macular Hole treatment →
Macular Telangiectasia (MacTel)

Macular telangiectasia (MacTel) is a disorder of the small blood vessels around the fovea in which the capillaries become dilated, leaky, or abnormal, accompanied by degeneration of the surrounding retina. It causes slowly progressive blurring, distortion, and central blind spots, typically affecting reading vision in both eyes.
MacTel treatment →
Myopic Degeneration

Myopic (pathological) degeneration is progressive damage to the retina and choroid that occurs in severe, highly nearsighted eyes as the elongated eyeball stretches and thins the back of the eye. It can cause lacquer cracks, choroidal neovascularization, and atrophy of the macula, leading to distortion and permanent central vision loss.
Myopic Degeneration treatment →
Pattern Dystrophy

Pattern dystrophy is a group of inherited macular disorders in which pigment deposits accumulate in distinctive patterns at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium in the macula. It usually causes mild, slowly progressive central vision blurring and distortion in mid-to-late adulthood, with most patients retaining useful vision.
Pattern Dystrophy treatment →
Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO / BRVO)

Retinal vein occlusion is a blockage of one of the veins draining blood from the retina (central, CRVO, or a branch, BRVO), causing blood and fluid to back up and leak into the retina. It typically produces sudden, painless blurring or loss of vision in part or all of the visual field, often with macular swelling.
Retinal Vein Occlusion treatment →
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)

Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of inherited disorders in which the retina's photoreceptors, especially the rods, progressively degenerate. It causes early night blindness followed by gradual constriction of the peripheral visual field into 'tunnel vision,' and may eventually affect central vision and color perception.
Retinitis Pigmentosa treatment →
Retinoschisis

Retinoschisis is a splitting of the retina into two layers, either age-related (degenerative) or inherited (X-linked juvenile), which disrupts normal retinal function. It often causes few symptoms but can produce peripheral or, in juvenile cases, central vision loss, and may be complicated by retinal detachment.
Retinoschisis treatment →
Rod-Cone Dystrophy

Rod-cone dystrophy is an inherited retinal degeneration in which the rod photoreceptors deteriorate first, followed by the cones, overlapping closely with retinitis pigmentosa. It causes early night blindness and shrinking peripheral vision, later progressing to loss of central and color vision as cones become involved.
Rod-Cone Dystrophy treatment →
Stargardt Disease

Stargardt disease is the most common inherited juvenile macular dystrophy, caused by a buildup of toxic lipofuscin that destroys photoreceptors in the macula, usually beginning in childhood or adolescence. It causes progressive loss of central vision, difficulty reading, impaired color perception, and central blind spots, while peripheral vision is generally preserved.
Stargardt Disease treatment →

Glaucoma

Progressive optic-nerve disease in which vision can decline even when eye pressure is controlled — making blood flow and neuroprotection essential.

Normal-Tension Glaucoma (NTG)

Normal-tension glaucoma is a form of glaucoma in which the optic nerve is progressively damaged and visual field is lost even though intraocular pressure stays within the normal range. Factors such as poor optic-nerve blood flow are thought to contribute; it causes gradual, painless loss of peripheral vision that can advance to tunnel vision if untreated.
Normal-Tension Glaucoma treatment →
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common form of glaucoma, in which the eye's drainage angle remains open but fluid outflow is reduced, often raising intraocular pressure and slowly damaging the optic nerve. It causes painless, gradual loss of peripheral vision that frequently goes unnoticed until advanced.
Open-Angle Glaucoma treatment →

Optic Nerve & Neuro-Ophthalmic

Conditions affecting the optic nerve and its blood supply, where perfusion and neuroprotection are central to preserving function.

Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)

NAION is a sudden loss of blood flow to the front of the optic nerve, causing it to swell and the nerve fibers to be damaged from inadequate circulation. It typically presents as painless, sudden vision loss in one eye — often an altitudinal (upper or lower half) field defect — on waking, with limited recovery of vision.
NAION treatment →
Optic Nerve Atrophy

Optic nerve atrophy is irreversible degeneration of the optic nerve fibers that carry visual signals from the retina to the brain, resulting from prior disease, poor blood supply, pressure, toxins, or inflammation. It causes dimmed vision, loss of visual field, reduced color perception, and a pale optic disc.
Optic Nerve Atrophy treatment →
Optic Neuritis

Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve, frequently associated with multiple sclerosis or other autoimmune and infectious conditions. It typically causes rapid loss of vision in one eye, pain on eye movement, and washed-out color vision; sight often recovers over weeks, though some loss may persist.
Optic Neuritis treatment →

Corneal Conditions

Disorders of the cornea and its nerves affecting clarity, comfort and refraction, where surface stability and inflammation control matter most.

Corneal Dystrophy

Corneal dystrophies are a group of inherited disorders in which abnormal material accumulates in one or more layers of the cornea, usually in both eyes and without inflammation. Depending on the layer affected, they cause progressive corneal clouding, glare, recurrent painful erosions, and gradually reduced vision.
Corneal Dystrophy treatment →
Corneal Ectasia

Corneal ectasia is a progressive thinning and bulging of the cornea that causes it to lose its normal dome shape and steepen into an irregular cone. This irregularity produces increasing nearsightedness and irregular astigmatism, leading to blurred, distorted vision and frequent prescription changes that glasses cannot fully correct.
Corneal Ectasia treatment →
Corneal Neuropathy

Corneal neuropathy is damage or dysfunction of the corneal nerves, which can result from surgery (such as LASIK), dry eye, diabetes, or infection. It causes chronic eye pain, burning, light sensitivity, and a persistent gritty or foreign-body sensation, often out of proportion to visible surface damage, and can blur vision through tear-film instability.
Corneal Neuropathy treatment →
Fuchs' Dystrophy

Fuchs' dystrophy is a progressive inherited disorder in which the endothelial cells that pump fluid out of the cornea gradually die off, allowing the cornea to swell. It causes blurred and hazy vision that is typically worst on waking, along with glare and halos, and can progress to painful corneal swelling in advanced stages.
Fuchs' Dystrophy treatment →
Keratitis

Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea, which may be infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic) or non-infectious from injury or contact-lens overuse. It causes eye pain, redness, tearing, light sensitivity, and blurred vision, and untreated infectious keratitis can scar the cornea and permanently impair sight.
Keratitis treatment →
Keratoconus

Keratoconus is a progressive condition in which the cornea thins and bulges outward into a cone shape, usually beginning in adolescence or early adulthood. The resulting irregular astigmatism and nearsightedness cause blurred, distorted vision, glare, halos, and frequent prescription changes that worsen as the cornea steepens.
Keratoconus treatment →
Post-LASIK Corneal Ectasia

Post-LASIK corneal ectasia is a progressive thinning and bulging of the cornea that develops after LASIK weakens the corneal structure, resembling keratoconus. It causes worsening irregular astigmatism, nearsightedness, and blurred, distorted vision with glare and halos in the months to years following surgery.
Post-LASIK Ectasia treatment →

Refractive Conditions

Focusing errors and post-surgical refractive problems that affect how clearly light is brought to a focus on the retina.

Astigmatism

Astigmatism is a refractive error caused by an irregularly curved cornea or lens, so light focuses at multiple points instead of one. It produces blurred or distorted vision at all distances, eye strain, and headaches, and commonly occurs alongside nearsightedness or farsightedness.
Astigmatism treatment →
Failed LASIK Surgery

Failed or complicated LASIK refers to unsatisfactory outcomes after laser vision correction, including under- or over-correction, regression, irregular astigmatism, or persistent visual symptoms. Patients may experience residual blur, glare, halos, starbursts, double vision, and chronic dry eye that reduce vision quality despite surgery.
Failed LASIK treatment →
Myopia (Nearsightedness)

Myopia (nearsightedness) is a refractive error in which the eyeball is too long or the cornea too steep, so light focuses in front of the retina rather than on it. This makes distant objects appear blurred while near vision stays clear; high myopia also raises the long-term risk of retinal detachment, glaucoma, and degeneration.
Myopia treatment →
Presbyopia

Presbyopia is the age-related loss of the eye's ability to focus on near objects, caused by gradual stiffening of the crystalline lens and weakening of focusing muscles, typically becoming noticeable after age 40. It makes reading and close-up tasks blurry, often requiring people to hold material at arm's length or use reading glasses.
Presbyopia treatment →

Dry Eye & Autoimmune Surface Disease

Tear-film and ocular-surface disorders, including autoimmune dry eye, where inflammation and surface health drive symptoms.

Dry Eyes (Dry Eye Disease)

Dry eye disease is a chronic condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears or produce poor-quality tears, leaving the ocular surface inadequately lubricated. It causes stinging, burning, redness, grittiness, light sensitivity, and fluctuating or blurred vision, and can result from aging, screen use, medications, or inflammation.
Dry Eyes treatment →
Sjögren's Syndrome (Ocular)

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks moisture-producing glands, including the tear glands, reducing tear production. In the eyes it causes severe aqueous-deficient dry eye with burning, grittiness, light sensitivity, and fluctuating blurred vision, and can damage the ocular surface over time.
Sjögren's Syndrome treatment →

Inflammatory & Uveitic Conditions

Inflammatory disease of the uvea, retina and choroid where calming immune-vascular activity helps protect vision.

Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)

APMPPE is an inflammatory disorder in which multiple flat, cream-colored (placoid) lesions appear at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, usually in both eyes of young adults, often after a viral-like illness. It causes sudden blurred or patchy central vision and blind spots (scotomas); vision frequently recovers over weeks, though some residual deficits can remain.
APMPPE treatment →
Choroiditis

Choroiditis is inflammation of the choroid — the vascular layer beneath the retina that supplies it with blood — and is a form of posterior uveitis. The inflammation can damage overlying retinal tissue, causing blurred vision, floaters, dark spots, and, if the macula is involved, central vision loss.
Choroiditis treatment →
Panuveitis

Panuveitis is inflammation involving all layers of the uvea — the iris, ciliary body, and choroid — as well as adjacent retina and vitreous, often from autoimmune or infectious causes. It causes eye pain, redness, floaters, light sensitivity, and significant blurred vision, and carries a high risk of complications if not controlled.
Panuveitis treatment →
Retinal Vasculitis

Retinal vasculitis is inflammation of the retinal blood vessels, occurring on its own or as part of systemic autoimmune or infectious disease. It can cause vessel leakage, occlusion, and bleeding, leading to floaters, blurred vision, and — when the macula or major vessels are affected — significant vision loss.
Retinal Vasculitis treatment →
Uveitis

Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea — the eye's middle vascular layer comprising the iris, ciliary body, and choroid — arising from autoimmune disease, infection, or injury. It causes eye redness, pain, light sensitivity, floaters, and blurred vision, and if untreated can lead to complications such as glaucoma, cataract, and permanent vision loss.
Uveitis treatment →
White Dot Syndromes

White dot syndromes are a group of inflammatory chorioretinal disorders characterized by multiple whitish or yellow spots at the level of the outer retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid. They cause blurred vision, floaters, photopsia (flashing lights), and blind spots, with severity and prognosis varying by subtype.
White Dot Syndromes treatment →

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